Understanding the table
On this page, you’ll find a comprehensive list of all nutrients and other simple supplements that have been described in the literature as identified by us. Our aim is to present you with a detailed, scientifically-backed resource to help you make informed choices and slow down early stage RP as well as preserve the remaining vision in late-stage RP.
The table below outlines the following properties for each nutrient or intervention:
- Name
- Category
- Naturally Occurring in Foods?
- Description
- Total Score (based on a function of the 3 score categories in the detailed view; see below)
For a more in-depth understanding, you can click on any item in the table to expand it. This will reveal additional information including:
- Research Notes
- Potential Effect
- Strength of Evidence
- Evidence of Safety of Chronic Use (1 = worst)
- Heat Sensitivity
- Taste
- Typical Supplement Dosage
- Dosage Found in Normal Amounts of Relevant Foods, Per Typical Serving
- Combinations for Bioavailability
- Oral Bioavailability
- Sources and Links
| Name | Primary mechanism | Naturally occuring in foods? | Description | Total Score | Heat Sensitivity | Taste | Research notes | Potential effect | Strength of evidence | Evidence of safety of chronic use (1 = worst) | Typical Supplement Dosage | Dosage found in normal amounts of relevant foods, per typical serving | Combinations for Bioavailability | Oral Bioavailability | Sources and links |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NAC / NACA (N-Acetylcysteine (Amide)) | Anti oxidants | Yes, but in low quantities, e.g., onion | N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and its research version by Nacuity, N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA), are powerful antioxidants that have the potential to apply to all patients with RP irrespective of disease-causing mutation | 198 | Somewhat | Medium | There has been interest in researching NAC. Orally administered N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) has been found to be a particularly effective antioxidant that promotes prolonged cone survival and maintenance of cone function in a mouse model of RP. In a phase I clinical trial in patients with RP, NAC taken by month for 6 months caused some small improvements in two different vision tests suggesting that long-term administration of NAC might slow cone degeneration in RP. NACA is used in trials for Usher syndrome (NCT04355689). The 2020 study results state "During the 24-week treatment period, mean BCVA significantly improved". Individuals with asthma should consult a healthcare provider before taking NAC, as it may cause bronchospasm in some cases. Those with certain pre-existing conditions like kidney or liver problems should also consult healthcare providers before taking NAC. Despite its promises and high ranking on this website, we wanted to include this statement by FightingBlindness: "NAC is a supplement, and you may be able to find it in health food stores or pharmacies. However, individuals are warned against self-medicating with NAC supplements. Researchers still don’t know for sure if NAC will truly be helpful and more importantly, they can’t be sure that taking it long-term won’t be harmful. In addition, the NAC available in drug stores or online is supplement grade which is not regulated by the FDA, meaning that the producers do not have to measure exactly what is in it." | 4 | 4 | 2.5 | 600–1800 mg/day. The ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial uses 1800mg divided into 3 doses a day | Onions: very low concentration | No | Good | 2019 study: https://www.jci.org/articles/view/132990 / https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31805012/ Phase 1 trial: https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03063021 Phase 2 trial, active: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04864496 Phase 3 trial, early: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05537220 2020 on safety: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33326056/ 2021 on safety: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34208683/ |
| Curcumin (& combinations) | Anti inflammatories | Yes | Known for their antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. | 180 | Somewhat | Strong | Numerous studies including on RP in animal models, pointing out that bioavailability is low, but can be enhanced e.g. by combinations (e.g. Curcumin C3 black pepper formula or phosphatidylcholine curcumin). Relatively high strength of evidence with many studies, although sufficiently large human / clinicals trials are still lacking | 5 | 2.7 | 3 | 500–2000 mg/day | Turmeric: ~200 mg in a teaspoon | Often with piperine | Poor, unless enhanced | 2020: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/1/48 2021: https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2021.10222 2015: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26396931/ 2013: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0059603 2021: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8219301/ 2020: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33633656/ (not RP) 2022: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8998602/ 2011: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21738619/ 2022: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35015114/ 2013: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23988891/ |
| Sulforaphane | Neurotrophic factors | Yes, e.g., broccoli | Found in cruciferous vegetables; known for antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. | 168 | Very | Medium | SFN reduces inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in eye disease models, potential anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidizing pathways.. SFN was found to delay the loss of photoreceptors in the eyes and reduce inflammation, as evidenced by changes in glial cells and various inflammatory markers, and appears to have a neuroprotective effect | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3 | 20–40 mg/day | Broccoli: ~20-50 mg | No | Moderate | 2022: https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85127205900 2022: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8921528/ 2023: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359644623002349 |
| HEV and UV Blocking Regular Glasses; Sunglasses | Other | N/A | Prolonged exposure to (artificial) light disturbs circadian rhythms and leads to retinal degeneration, such as macular degeneration and RP, associated with photoreceptor degeneration. | 165 | N/A | N/A | A precautionary measure rather than a treatment strategy, prolonged exposure to bright light mediates photoreceptor cell death, which is an irrevocable retinal disorder. The pathogenesis of light-induced damage to the retina is unclear. In the absence of consensus, some factors to consider: (1) Exposure to bright light has been shown to be damaging to photoreceptors in animal models. Damage to these cells can accelerate vision loss, which is why some eye care professionals may advise patients with RP to protect their eyes from excessive light exposure, including sunlight. (2) Sunlight is also a source of HEV and UV radiation, which can cause oxidative stress, which is one of the factors that have been specutavely implicated in the progression of degenerative retinal diseases. (3) Some nutrients and compounds (also included in this list) have been shown to enhance ocular abilities to filter HEV and UV light, although evidence is not definitely conclusive. There is limited scientific evidence to suggest that living in regions with lower sunlight exposure, such as polar or Nordic areas, would have a significant impact on the progression or severity of RP | 4 | 3 | 3 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2020 regarding high intensity LEDs: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41419-020-02918-8 2016 light pollution: https://www.nature.com/articles/eye2015221 2012: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3242847/ |
| Voluntary physical activity | Neurotrophic factors | N/A | In RP, increased physical activity is associated with greater self-reported visual function as well as quality-of-life | 165 | N/A | N/A | Aerobic exercise has been found to be neuroprotective in animal models of retinal degeneration. | 3 | 4 | 3 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2017: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5449727/ 2021: https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2775878 2015: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26567796/ |
| L-Taurine | Neurotrophic factors | Yes, e.g., meat, fish | An amino acid with potential neuroprotective properties. | 145 | No | Light | Taurine depletion or deficiency results in glial activation, oxidative stress and retinal cell degeneration. Recent evidence has shown that taurine has neuroprotective effects in retinal degeneration, and it is believed to be the result of its antioxidant effects, the inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis, or immunomodulatory effects. Therefore, taurine supplementation may be a promising agent for the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases, regardless of etiology | 4 | 2.5 | 3 | 500–2000 mg/day | Fish: ~40-400 mg | No | Good | 2023: https://journals.lww.com/nrronline/fulltext/2024/03000/taurine__a_promising_nutraceutic_in_the_prevention.35.aspx 2019: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6689665/ 2022: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9583577/ 2018: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5737830/ |
| TUDCA (Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid) | Neurotrophic factors | Not in common foods, e.g., bear bile | A bile acid that has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. | 138 | No | Light | Currently available evidence suggests that TUDCA could be a promising therapeutic agent in retinal diseases treatment. However, well designed clinical trials are necessary to appraise the efficacy of TUDCA in clinical setting. | 4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 250–750 mg/day | Not in common foods | No | Moderate | 2012 evidence in mice: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3292352/ 2019 in mice: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332219306870 2023 systematic review: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37691227/ |
| Beta-Carotene | Carotenoids | Yes, e.g., carrots | Precursor to vitamin A; important for vision. | 137 | Somewhat | Light | β-carotene has been shown to increase the risk of lung cancer in individuals who smoke tobacco or have an exposure to asbestos | 3 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 3-6 mg/day | Carrots: 6mg | No | Good | 2013: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23700011 2009: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19955196/ |
| Lycium Barbarum (Goji Berries) | Anti oxidants | Yes, goji berries | Goji berries; have antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. | 135 | No | Medium | Multiple studies. Traditionally used in Chinese medicine. Thinning of macular layer was observed in the placebo group, which was not observed in the LB group; thus a significant preservation difference in the central retinal functino. However, no significant differences were found in the sensitivity of visual field or in any parameters of ffERG between the two groups. Also rich in Zeaxanthin | 3 | 3 | 3 | Varied | ~50-100 mg | No | Variable, generally good | 2014 mouse model: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25535040 2014 no-phase trial: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02244996 2019 results: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30877066/ 2023 systematic review referring to same trial: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37640142/ 2023: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9966716/ 2023: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332223013458 |
| DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid) | Fatty acids | Yes, e.g., fatty fish | An omega-3 fatty acid that is essential for retinal health. | 135 | Somewhat | Medium | Essential fatty acid known for its antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. Multiple studies have indicated that DHA may help in maintaining retinal health and could potentially reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration, sometimes in combination with Vitamin A. Although it is generally well-absorbed, and has been found to support general eye health, further research is needed to establish its efficacy in large-scale clinical trials | 3 | 3 | 3 | 200-2000 mg/day | Salmon: ~2000mg | No | Good | 2021: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014483521002335 2015: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963311/ |
| Astaxanthin | Carotenoids | Yes, present in certain seafood | A powerful antioxidant found in seafood like salmon and shrimp. | 135 | Somewhat | Medium | Possibly strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic activities. High potential effect related to its potence as an anti-oxidant | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4–12 mg/day | Wild salmon: 4-8mg | No | Moderate | 2016: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26207797/ |
| Lutein | Carotenoids | Yes, e.g., kale, spinach | Important for eye health; filters harmful high-energy blue wavelengths of light. | 135 | Somewhat | Light | In animal and human models, lutein and zeaxanthin have been reported to have beneficial effects in protecting ocular tissues and cells (especially the retinal neurons) against damage caused by different etiological factors, and slow visual field impairment. Abilities to filter HEV and UV light have been mentioned | 3 | 3 | 3 | 10–20 mg/day | Kale: ~20-30 mg | No | Moderate | 2006: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16759390/ 2018: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30643804/ 2020: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8771084/ 2017: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28425969/ 2010: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20385935/ |
| Ginkgo Biloba | Anti oxidants | No, but naturally occuring as a supplement or tea | Herbal remedy that has antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. | 130 | No | Light | The one study found that treating mice before exposing them to bright light helped preserve retinal function and reduced photoreceptor cell loss. The protective effects were linked to the activation of specific antioxidant pathways in the retina. | 4 | 2.5 | 2 | 120–240 mg/day | Not typically in food | No | Moderate | 2021: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8027744/ 2022: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/7/1268 |
| Coenzyme Q10 | Anti oxidants | Yes, e.g., fish, meats | Also known as Coenzyme Q10; an antioxidant that helps produce energy in cells. | 120 | Somewhat | Medium | Studies on CoQ10 and RP in humans are scarce. The combination of different antioxidants (α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, 4-benzoic acid, porphyrin, and α-lipoic acid) has been shown to slow or reduce cone death in different animal models of RP. Since CoQ10 has antioxidant capacity, its usefulness in RP has been investigated. In one study, CoQ10 was able to delay the loss of retinal function and the disruption of synaptic contact in Rd10 mice, indicating that this molecule could be of use in RP. | 3 | 2.5 | 3 | 100–200 mg/day | Fish: ~500-1000 mg | Often with fats | Moderate, varies by form | 2023 systematic review: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10049438/ 2021: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34714361/ 2019: https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2744314 |
| Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) | Neurotrophic factors | Trace amounts, e.g. milk | NR, a NAD+ precursor, potentially boosts metabolism and neural protection. | 118 | Very | Light | Some studies have reviewed the potential effects on NAD+, a coenzyme critical for cellular energetics and biosynthetic pathways, may be therapeutic in retinal disease because retinal NAD+ levels decline during retinal damage and degeneration. Evidence is limited to RP mice but is statistically significant and the effect is large. | 4 | 2 | 2.5 | 2g per day is mentioned in the study | Trace amounts | None | Good | 2023: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7452859/ |
| Hydrogen Rich Water | Anti oxidants | N/A | There are known contributions of oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) whereas selective inhibition of potent ROS peroxynitrite and OH· by H2 gas have been demonstrated, therefore H2 water may delay the progression of photoreceptor death. | 113 | N/A | Light | In one short human clinical study, short-term HRW drinking slightly improved visual function in patients with primary RP, whereas no significant improvement was found in the thickness of the retina and choroid. A prior mice study confirmed effectiveness of drinking HRW in preserving cone and rod function. | 3 | 2.5 | 2.5 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2022: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-17903-8 2021: https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/going-beyond-hype-hydrogen-water 2023: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37860576/ |
| Nicotinamide nucleotide (NMN) | Neurotrophic factors | Trace amounts | NMN, a precursor to NAD+, supports energy metabolism and cellular repair. | 110 | Very | Strong | The NR-focused study applies to NMN, which is downstream vs NR, although evidence is therefore limited | 4 | 1.8 | 2.5 | Dosages in studies vary, but human research often uses doses ranging from 250 mg to 1,000 mg per day. Animal studies have used varying dosages adjusted for body weight. | Trace amounts | None | Good | 2017: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30088407/ 2022: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2022/5961123/ |
| Creatine | Other | Yes, e.g. red meat | Creatine is widely available as a supplement, often used by athletes to enhance muscle energy. Creatine can cross the blood-brain barrier, and its supplementation has been researched for neurodegenerative conditions. | 105 | Somewhat | Light | The retina, particularly the photoreceptor cells, has high energy demands. Creatine, as part of the creatine-phosphocreatine system, helps in the rapid regeneration of ATP, the main energy molecule, making it theoretically beneficial for tissues with high energy requirements. Furthermore, creatine has been investigated for its potential neuroprotective properties in various neurodegenerative conditions, given its role in cellular energy metabolism. If these neuroprotective effects extend to photoreceptor cells, it could be beneficial for conditions like RP (especially in the preservation of cones). | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1-2 g/day | Beef: 0.5-1.0 g | No | Good | 2019: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31803010/ |
| Citicoline (CPD Choline) | Anti oxidants | No, but precursor to natural substances | A synthetic neuroprotective agent and precursor to phosphatidylcholine and acetylcholine. There may be interactions with other supplements, drugs, or may burden kidney or liver functions. | 105 | No | Light | Citicoline may also be involved in the synthesis of glutathione and glutathione reductase. Glutathione is a metabolic product of choline and acts by reducing lipid peroxidation in the central nervous system, acting as an antioxidant. Citicoline could also have an antioxidant role in neurodegenerative diseases induced by oxidative stress, such as glaucoma and ischemic neuropathies, among others. Several studies have attempted to provide evidence that citicoline may be beneficial for glaucoma patients | 3 | 2 | 3 | 250–1000 mg/day | Not typically in food | No | Good | 2023 systematic review: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10049438/ Effectiveness seems high based on this article Normally you only find its precursor choline in foods. Synthetic supplement |
| Flavonoids | Neurotrophic factors | Yes, e.g., fruits, vegetables | Plant compounds with antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. | 105 | Somewhat | Varied | Although inflammation seems to be secondary in retinal degeneration, it is perhaps an important disease modifier. Thus, anti-inflammatory therapies could slow retinal degeneration, having a great impact on the life quality of affected individuals. Flavonoids, which exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and modulate the stability and folding of rod opsin, could be a valid option in developing treatment strategies against RP. The supplement may improve stability, folding, and membrane targeting of the RP Rhodopsin mutants in vitro | 2 | 3 | 3 | Up to 1000mg/day | Onions: ~100–200 mg, Apples: ~10–100 mg, Dark Chocolate: ~50–200 mg, Tea: ~20–50 mg | No | Variable | 2021: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8623264/ 2022: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35165923/ |
| Zeaxanthin | Carotenoids | Yes, e.g., corn | Similar to Lutein; also important for eye health. | 105 | Somewhat | Light | In mostly animal models, lutein and zeaxanthin have been reported to have beneficial effects in protecting ocular tissues and cells (especially the retinal neurons) against damage caused by different etiological factors. Abilities to filter HEV and UV light have been mentioned | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2–4 mg/day | Corn: ~2 mg, goji berries: ~2mg | No | Moderate | See lutein |
| Zinc | Minerals | Yes, e.g., oysters, meats | Important for immune function and wound healing. | 105 | No | Light | A few small studies have suggested that zinc supplementation might slow the progression of vision loss in RP, but these findings are not conclusive. It plays a role in various physiological processes, including immune function, protein synthesis, wound healing, and cell division. In the eye, zinc is present in high concentrations, particularly in the retina and choroid | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8–11 mg/day | Beef: ~5-10 mg | No | Good | nieuwe interesse als anti oxidant |
| HU210 Cannabinoids | Anti oxidants | No | Synthetic cannabinoid with antioxidant properties. | 95 | Unknown | Unknown | The results from only a single study on rats show significant preservation of retinal function and morphology in P23H rats treated with HU210 compared to untreated or vehicle-treated rats. Metrics such as ERG responsiveness, retinal layer thickness, and synaptic connectivity all demonstrated improvements with HU210 treatment. Notably, treated animals had a 71% and 70% higher a-wave and b-wave amplitude, respectively, than untreated animals. Given these statistically significant findings, it's reasonable to conclude that HU210 has a notable neuroprotective effect on retinal degeneration in this rat model. HU210 seems to have a multi-faceted role in preserving retinal function and structure (not just anti oxidizing) | 4 | 2 | 1 | Unknown | Not typically in food | Unknown | Poor | 2014: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24495949/ 2022 chronic usage may be stress and depression inducing: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35660545/ |
| Vitamin A Palmitate | Carotenoids | No, but its precursors are | Used to treat vitamin A deficiencies; crucial for vision. | 90 | Somewhat | Light | A fat-soluble vitamin essential for vision, but excessive intake can be toxic and may lead to a range of symptoms including vision abnormalities and liver damage. While moderate levels are vital for retinal function and overall eye health, overconsumption should be avoided, especially in supplemental form, due to potential toxicity. Extensively researched traditionally, but supplementation above maintenance levels appears to have limited benefits | 2 | 3 | 2 | 900–700 µg/day | Liver: ~5000 IU / 1.5mg | No | Good | 2017: https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2637214 2003 trial: https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00065455 1993: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8512476/ 2004 with DHA: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15364709/ |
| Lycopene | Carotenoids | Yes, e.g., tomatoes | A carotenoid with antioxidant properties found in tomatoes. | 85 | Somewhat | Light | Limited studies with limited effects | 2 | 2 | 3 | 10–30 mg/day | Tomatoes: ~5-10 mg | No | Moderate | 2014: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282714698_Lycopene_and_Retinal_Pigment_Epithelial_Cells_Molecular_Aspects |
| Vitamin B2 | Vitamins | Yes, e.g., dairy, almonds | Important for energy production and cellular function. | 85 | Somewhat | Light | A shortage could lead to exarcerbation of symptoms | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1.1–1.3 mg/day | Milk: ~1.3 mg | No | Good | 2022: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9233280/ |
| Resveratrol | Anti oxidants | Yes, e.g., red wine, grapes | Found in red grapes, it has antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Supplement dosages are generally higher than found in nature. | 70 | Somewhat | Light | Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have been conducted to demonstrate its effectiveness in a variety of eye diseases. Undoubtedly, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of RSV activity. Due to promising results, RSV may be implemented in the diet, although its limited systemic availability may be considered a major disadvantage. Rapid absorption and metabolism of RSV are important factors that limit its effectiveness. Further clinical trials will be necessary before any recommendations can be made regarding the use of RSV as an eye health supplement. One study concluded that resveratrol did not prevent the decline of retinal function or the photoreceptor degeneration in the MNU-induced RP rat mode. | 2 | 2 | 2 | 100–500 mg/day | Red wine: ~0.1-2 mg | No | Poor | 2022 systematic review: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9317487/ 2023: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37388281/ |
| Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) | Anti oxidants | Yes, e.g., wheatgrass, melons, and corn, but not in similar quantities as supplement | Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that helps break down potentially harmful oxygen molecules in cells, thus preventing damage to tissues. It is a crucial antioxidant defense in nearly all cells exposed to oxygen. | 70 | No | Light | Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) has been researched for its potential role in reducing oxidative stress in various conditions. Further research is needed to understand its full benefits and potential therapeutic applications, as current research is limited and conflicting. Effectiveness and safety of long-term supplementation remains unknown. | 2 | 2 | 2 | 300mg | Up to 30mg per kg | Unknown | Unknown | 2006: https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2395668 2009: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19293779/ |
| Green Tea | Anti oxidants | Yes | Known for their antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. | 65 | Somewhat | Strong | Limited number of relevant studies, potential effect unclear but relies likely on its anti-oxidizing properties | 2 | 1 | 3 | Varied | Tea: ~50-100 mg catechins | No | Variable | n/a |
| ALA (Alpha-Lipoic Acid) | Fatty acids | Yes, e.g., spinach, broccoli | Antioxidant fatty acid that has neuroprotective properties. | 65 | Somewhat | Light | An essential omega-3 fatty acid primarily found in plant sources like flaxseed, known for its potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Preliminary research suggests ALA may have neuroprotective properties that could be beneficial for eye health; however, its conversion to more bioactive forms like EPA and DHA in the body is inefficient. Further studies are needed for a conclusive understanding of its role in retinal health. | 2 | 1 | 3 | 300–600 mg/day | Spinach: ~1-2 mg | No | Good | n/a specific to RP |
| Selenium Aspartate | Minerals | Yes, e.g., Brazil nuts, tuna | An essential trace element important for cognitive function and fertility. Also anti-oxidant | 65 | No | Light | At present, there is neither theoretical nor an empirical basis to expect beneficial effects of selenium supplementation beyond the dietary reference intakes of 55 microg/day in the context of ocular diseases. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 55 µg/day | Brazil nuts: ~70-90 µg | No | Good | 2005: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15604619/ |
| Vitamin C | Vitamins | Yes, e.g., citrus fruits, peppers | An antioxidant vitamin important for skin health and immune function. | 65 | Very | Light | Some researchers have hypothesized that, as an antioxidant, vitamin C might help protect retinal cells from oxidative damage, but evidence supporting this claim in RP is lacking | 2 | 1 | 3 | 65–90 mg/day | Oranges: ~50-60 mg | No | Good | n/a |
| Vitamin D3 | Vitamins | Yes, e.g., fatty fish, eggs | A form of vitamin D important for bone health. | 65 | No | Light | Inconclusive evidence, but generally positive health implications | 2 | 1 | 3 | 600–2000 IU/day | Fish, fortified foods: ~400 IU | No | Good | 2020: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7325624/ |
| Minocycline | Antibiotics | No | Minocycline is an antibiotic in the tetracycline family commonly used to treat bacterial infections. | 60 | No | Light | Also has been studied for its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, making it of interest in the treatment of conditions like multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and potentially retinal diseases like Retinitis Pigmentosa. Oral minocycline administration over 12 months was associated with no significant changes in mean BCVA and a small but progressive decrease in mean CST. | 1 | 3 | 2 | Varied | Not typically in food | No | Good | 2023 phase 1/2 trial results: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00417-023-05986-6 2023: https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04068207 |
| Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) | Anti inflammatories | Yes, e.g. tea | Epigallocatechin gallate, also known as epigallocatechin-3-gallate, is the ester of epigallocatechin and gallic acid, and is a type of catechin. EGCG – the most abundant catechin in tea – is a polyphenol under basic research for its potential to affect human health and disease | 58 | Light | Studied for its potential synergistic effects of lutein in RP | 2 | 1 | 2.5 | 400mg | No | Good | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37822286/ In combination with lutein | ||
| Vitamin E (TE) | Vitamins | Yes, e.g., nuts, seeds | Known for its antioxidant properties. | 55 | Somewhat | Light | Reserached but inconclusive and contradicting evidence | 1 | 1 | 3 | 15 mg/day | Almonds: ~7 mg | No | Good | 2019: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6409042/ |
| Vitamin B12 | Vitamins | Yes, e.g., animal products | Essential for nerve function and the production of red blood cells. | 55 | No | Light | Inconclusive but mentioned in literature | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2.4 µg/day | Fish: ~2.4 µg | No | Good with intrinsic factor | 2019: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6409042/ |
| Valproic Acid | Rhodopsin-related small molecules | No | Used for mood stabilization and in epilepsy treatment; potential retinal benefits are under investigation. | 45 | No | Light | Minor improvements noted with unknown effects of chronic use | 1 | 3 | 1 | Varied | Not typically in food | No | Good | 2019: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6326947/ |
| Isotretinoin | Rhodopsin-related small molecules | No | Known as Accutane; used for acne but has various side effects, including vision changes. | 35 | No | Light | No strong evidence for RP, unknown effects of chronic use | 1 | 2 | 1 | Varied | Not typically in food | No | Good | n/a |
| 4-Phenylbutyric Acid (4-PBA) | Rhodopsin-related small molecules | No | A chemical chaperone; may improve protein folding and stability in cells. | 35 | Unknown | Unknown | No strong evidence for RP, unknown effects of chronic use | 1 | 2 | 1 | Unknown | Not typically in food | Unknown | Unknown | n/a |
| Chelatives | Other | No | Refers to substances that can chelate or remove heavy metals, which may cause oxidative stress | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | Not ranked | Varied | Not typically in food | Varied | Variable | 2017: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29049732/ | |||
| 9-cis Beta-Carotene from Dunaliella Bardawil | Carotenoids | Not typically included in common diets | A specific form of beta-carotene; important for vision. | 0 | Somewhat | Light | Not ranked | 3-6 mg/day | Not typically in food | No | Unknown | 2013 trial: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02018692?type=Intr&cond=retina+pigmentosa&draw=2&rank=99 | |||
| Alpha-Carotene | Carotenoids | Yes, e.g., pumpkins | Another form of carotenoid; precursor to vitamin A. | 0 | Somewhat | Light | Not ranked | 3–6 mg/day | Carrots: ~2-6 mg | No | Good | n/a | |||
| Manganese (Mangaan) | Minerals | Yes, e.g., nuts, legumes | Essential for bone formation and blood clotting. | 0 | No | Light | Not ranked | 1.8–2.3 mg/day | Nuts: ~2 mg | No | Poor | n/a | |||
| Calcium | Minerals | Yes, e.g., dairy, leafy greens | Essential for bone health and cellular function. | 0 | No | Light | Not ranked | 1000–1300 mg/day | Milk: ~300 mg | No | Moderate | n/a | |||
| Iron | Minerals | Yes, e.g., leafy greens, meat | Essential for various bodily functions including oxygen transport. | 0 | No | Strong | Iron imbalance or excessive iron accumulation has been proposed as a potential contributing factor in certain retinal degenerative diseases, including RP. However, it is important to note that the relationship between iron and RP is still not fully understood and requires further research. Not ranked | 8–18 mg/day | Meat: ~10-20 mg | Often with Vitamin C | Variable | n/a | |||
| Copper | Minerals | Yes, e.g., shellfish, nuts | Essential mineral that acts as a cofactor in various enzyme reactions. | 0 | No | Light | Not ranked | 900 µg/day | Seafood: ~1 mg | No | Good | n/a | |||
| Boron (Boor) | Minerals | Yes, e.g., nuts, fruits | Supports bone health and can affect the way the body processes other minerals. | 0 | No | Light | Not ranked | 1–3 mg/day | Fruits: ~1-3 mg | No | Good | n/a | |||
| Iodine (Jodium) | Minerals | Yes, e.g., seaweed, fish | Necessary for thyroid function; helps regulate metabolism. | 0 | No | Strong | Not ranked | 150 µg/day | Seaweed: ~150 µg | No | Good | n/a | |||
| Chromium (Chroom) | Minerals | Yes, e.g., meats, whole grains | Involved in glucose metabolism. | 0 | No | Light | Not ranked | 25–35 µg/day | Broccoli: ~11 µg | No | Poor | n/a | |||
| Potassium (Kalium) | Minerals | Yes, e.g., bananas, potatoes | Essential for cellular function and muscle contractions. | 0 | No | Light | Not ranked | 2000–3000 mg/day | Bananas: ~400 mg | No | Good | n/a | |||
| Magnesium | Minerals | Yes, e.g., nuts, leafy greens | Important for bone health and energy production. | 0 | No | Light | Not ranked | 310–420 mg/day | Nuts: ~100 mg | No | Moderate | n/a | |||
| Phosphorus (Fosfor) | Minerals | Yes, e.g., dairy, fish | Essential for bone health; involved in energy production. | 0 | No | Light | Not ranked | 700 mg/day | Meat: ~200-400 mg | No | Good | n/a | |||
| Vitamin B6 | Vitamins | Yes, e.g., poultry, fish | Important for brain function and converting food into energy. | 0 | Somewhat | Light | Not ranked | 1.3–2 mg/day | Meat: ~1.3 mg | No | Good | n/a | |||
| 9-cis-Retinal | Rhodopsin-related small molecules | No | A form of vitamin A that is involved in the visual cycle. | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | Not ranked | Unknown | Not typically in food | Unknown | Unknown | n/a | |||
| Meditation / Body Scan | Lifestyle | N/A | Mindfulness techniques that could support mental well-being and stress reduction. | 0 | N/A | N/A | Not ranked | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | n/a |
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